Ten years has passed since the US military intervention in Afghanistan. Despite the initial claim of fighting terrorism as the reason for the military attack, actually terrorist activities have been accelerated ever since. Thus, the real intention of the US for the military intervention has been dubious and questioned by many political analysts. They argue, there must be other reasons for spending billions of dollars in Afghanistan by the US administration. This article examine the hypothesis that the interests of the Military Industrial Complex is the determinant factor of defining or creating ''critical situations'' as a pretext for justifying military intervention in a country like Afghanistan.

Iran's first rank in exporting goods to Afghanistan in the years 2015-2017 is an indicator of improvement in the relations of the two countries. The improvement of economic relations has had positive effects on Tehran-Kabul political ties. But these commercial relations are still having many problems. The present paper using political economy approach and historical studies of the foreign affairs relations of the two countries (1794-2017) seeks to identify the most important political and economic challenges affecting Iran-Afghanistan trade relations in national, regional and world levels (2001-2018). The importance of this paper is representation of recent two and multi-lateral foreign development of Iran and Afghanistan with economic approach. The research results contain several points. First, the economic relations between Iran and Afghanistan from Qajar Period to present have been influenced by governed ideologies of the two countries and the international system. Second, Iran and Afghanistan in post-Taliban arena and in the scene of practice have not yet achieved a common objective and regional political consensus. Third, political instability, administrative corruption, non-economic discourse of parties, and the economy of rentiers in both countries have had negative reflections on trade relations between the two countries. Fourth, the ineffectiveness of regional organizations such as ECO and the influence of regional and trans-regional countries on Afghanistan have negatively affect the economic ties between Tehran and Kabul. But unlike the political-security problems, the present growth of economic transactions between Iran and Afghanistan could bring about common objective and sustainable interests for the two states.

Afghanistan has an important position for the countries of the region, including China, in terms of having rich natural resources and having an important transit position as a link between regions such as Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. With the Taliban once again dominating Afghanistan, China's relations with this group have entered a new stage, and Afghanistan is still the focus of China's foreign policy. In this regard, this research aims to examine the trends governing China's political economy and its impact on the country's foreign policy towards the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Therefore, this research tries to use the qualitative method and sample research method to address the basic question of how China's political economy has directed the country's foreign policy towards the Taliban. In response to this hypothesis, China's political economy, with its neo-mercantilist approach and centralized capitalism, has directed the foreign policy of this country to serve the economic interests and access to Afghanistan's natural resources in interaction with the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The findings of the research show that the upward trend of China's industrial growth requires natural resources for the consumption of domestic industries. In addition, natural reserves are considered essential for the continuation of China's economic growth. Therefore, the necessity of controlling foreign natural resources and transit situations has been inevitable for China's economic development. In the meantime, Afghanistan, with its natural reserves and convenient transit location, can play a strategic role in China's economic interests.

Iran and Afghanistan have paid attention to Port Chabahar in 2014 – 2017 for increase interaction economic and politic. But what is the role Port Chabahar in the integration between two countries’ not been measured and this article want apply scientific mythology for this purpose. The main question this article is which strategy and what condition can efficiency in increasing function Port Chabahar to integration and increasing economic indicators. For answer to this question we applied method SWOT in narrative analysis system. The research hypothesis is as follows for possibility integration Iran must choice Dé tente in international relation specially from great power to reduce economic sanctions and improve transit infrastructure and create facility Port. This article analysis that Port Chabahar could play special role for extend relation between two country. Afghanistan and Iran have many problem in the political relation and all the time could not reach the solution for your demand. Policymaking in Afghanistan suffering from geographic isolation and for compotation to Pakistan need reduce depended to Karachi port. Iran also need Afghanistan for solve the shortage water and crisis environment that all problems reach the result if Afghanistan entrance to relationship politic and strategic economy to Iran. Port Chabahar can apply for all the problem between two countries because when Iran help to Afghanistan to escape from isolation can expect this country pay water right Hamon lake to Iran and reduce some of environment crisis.

Throughout centuries، Iran and Afghanistan have experienced almost peaceful neighborly، through presence in a common civilian and geographic context. Of course، this territorial proximity with some other causes، has created a contradiction، especially as regards the rate of exploitation of shared river water. Two sides have so far resorted to managing disputes in different ways، but have not had a clear outcome. This article is intended to explain and introduce economic diplomacy as a profitable element and an effective leverage in managing disputes between the two countries. In this regard، using the "qualitative method" (explanation and analysis)، this hypothesis is assessed that "the interdependence of the economy and trade of Afghanistan and Iran and the existence of complementary economic capabilities and advantages، provide opportunity to engage the Afghan side to manage the water disputes". In this research، with emphasis on "economic diplomacy" in Iran's foreign policy in Afghanistan، findings such as exports، transit of goods، export of electricity and mechanized irrigation technology to Afghanistan، and the exchange of oil products with water are expressed that accordingly، expansion and deepening of commercial، financial and investment affiliation could encourage and persuade the sides to achieve a fair solution to use shared waters.

Introduction Afghanistan's tenacity in the eastern Iranian Economy has been the re-emergence of the eastern provinces in the country's foreign trade over the past one and a half decades. In the eastern economy, provinces like Sistan and Baluchistan, Kerman, South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and North Khorasan. This research aims at to examine the position of South Khorasan in the eastern Iranian economy, by the theoretical framework of economic geography. In fact, the aim of this study is to consider the economic status of the provinces and eastern parts of Iran in the economic development and regional trade plans. Considering regional geoeconomic and geopolitical competitions in Asia and global events such as the new US sanctions, the second aim of this research is to explore the economic position of the eastern countries of Iran in economic development and regional foreign trade planning. Researchers in the fields of economics, geography and politics have not paid attention to these issues. Therefore, the main importance of the research is the attention to the significant role of South Khorasan and Afghanistan in Iran's economy, and explicating it within the framework of the new concept of the Eastern Economy. "Iran's Eastern Economy" is the new concept of this study to emphasize on the geoeconomic importance of eastern countries and provinces in the development of national economy and foreign trade of Iran. Geography of Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia are central areas of Iran's eastern economy. In this article, only Afghanistan is concerned...

In 2021, with the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan, the Taliban returned to power after nearly twenty years. The return of the Taliban has had various geopolitical, social, political, and economic effects on Afghanistan and the region. This article is dedicated to answering a crucial question: what effects has the Taliban's rise to power had on Afghanistan's economy? It collects and categorizes library resources analyses previously written in this field and analyzes Afghanistan's economic data during the Taliban era. The central hypothesis is based on the premise that the Taliban's return to the political scene in Afghanistan has had negative effects on the country's internal economic indicators and the welfare level of its people, leading to the creation of recession, poverty, and unemployment. However, from a regional economic perspective, the Taliban has managed to maintain its trade levels by exporting agricultural products and raw materials. Although the Taliban has not successfully reduced unemployment, alleviated poverty, decreased recession, or increased production and business within Afghanistan, it has managed to maintain its trade relations with neighboring countries compared to the republic era.

Afghanistan is .a mountainous country without connection to any seas or oceans. Up to 2003, the population of this country was 28,717,213 with 31 percent literate people. The present study has considered papers, articles and information from different relevant scientific websites and required information about health indexes and previllent infectious diseases in Afghanistan were collected. According to these survey, Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. The health indexes, especially life expectancy index (46-47 year) are disappointing. Every year lots of people die from different diseases, particularly Malaria, Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Cholera, Measles, Poliomyelitis and Diarrhea. This country has these disappointing health problems because of many wars that have faced in the last three decades

After the fall of the Taliban and the establishment of a democratic power structure in Afghanistan, the country was expected to witness an economic development in the light of political development. This article examines the state of Afghanistan's economic development during the era of democracy. To this end, while examining the developments in the establishment of democracy and macroeconomic development programs in Afghanistan, theoretical approaches to the relationship between democracy and development as well as statistical analysis of economic development indicators have been used. This paper attempts to answer the question of whether political development and democratization brings about political development while assessing the state of Afghanistan's economic development in the process of political and democratic transformation. Our study shows that the indicators of economic development have not changed significantly from 2001 to 2017. ...

Introduction: The rapid emergence of Taliban in Afghan politics in the 1990s and its governance is one of the important changes in Afghanistan in the last four decades. The emergence of the Taliban was a surprise. The Taliban, who appeared from the south of Afghanistan, managed to control Kabul and the northern regions of the country on several occasions. After capturing Herat, they were able to capture Kabul easily. Although two decades have passed since the fall of the first government of this group, there have been fewer scientific analyzes and researches about its economic and political-economic issues. A detailed examination of the economy and political economy of the first Taliban government helps us to know this group better. Understanding the political economy of the Taliban adds to our knowledge of the nature and characteristics of the Taliban. In order to understand the political economy of the Taliban, this research examines the financial resources of this group and the economic situation of Afghanistan under their rule. The focus of this research is on the political economy of the Taliban. The research seeks to determine the nature of the political economy of the Taliban.Research Question: What was the type of political economy of the first Taliban government between the years 1996-2001?Research Hypothesis: The hypothesis is that the nature of the political economy of the Taliban was a combination of the political economy of terrorism and conservatism, which claimed to follow Islamic teachings in managing the economic issues of the society and was not compatible with the usual approaches of political economy in the world. It seems that the political economy of the first Taliban government cannot be studied in the framework of the popular political economy approaches in the world. In other words, the political economy of the Taliban cannot be analyzed in the framework of classical, radical and neoliberal political economy approaches. The Taliban's view of the economy was religious and ideological.Methodology and Theoretical Framework: In this article, a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach have been used to investigate the political economy of the first Taliban government. The approach of the political economy of terrorism and some components of the political economy of conservatism is the theoretical framework of this research.Results and Discussion: The Taliban leadership's approach to the economy was ideological. They were exerting their religious, jurisprudential and economic rules in the areas under their control. This view worsened the economic situation of Afghanistan. Mullah Omar and other Taliban leaders did not believe in solving people's economic problems through government intervention and scientific programs. According to them, only God can solve people's economic problems. The Taliban did not follow any specific rules or economic system to run Afghanistan's economy. Mullah Omar issued several orders in the first government of the Taliban. The Taliban were loyal to these orders. The Taliban government had numerous internal and external financial resources. They were using traditional trade and transit as official sources and drugs and mines as informal sources. Afghanistan's trade with the Persian Gulf countries and Pakistan developed during the Taliban regime. Trade and transit were the largest official source of income for the Taliban. Approximately 300 trucks daily went from Kandahar to Central Asia and through Herat to Iran. About 200 other trucks were traveling to northern Afghanistan daily through Jalalabad and Kabul customs, earning large sums of money for the Taliban. Smuggling was another source of funds for the Taliban. Mines were another internal source of funding for the Taliban. In the areas under the control of this group, the Taliban were extracting mines in an unprofessional and non-standard manner. The Taliban also met part of their financial needs through tithe and zakat. The Taliban also earned a lot of money through drug cultivation and trafficking. The Taliban did not establish the cultivation, production and trafficking of drugs in Afghanistan, but they were its promoters.During the Afghan war against the Soviet Union, jihadist groups met part of their financial needs through the sale of drugs. But when the Taliban came to power, they expanded poppy cultivation and smuggling to meet the needs of their war machine and government and allowed ordinary farmers to grow it. Under the first Taliban government, opium production in Afghanistan increased dramatically. The sale of opium provided many of the financial needs of this group. The Taliban used the sale of opium as an economic and political tool. Some of the Taliban leaders had made a lot of money from opium cultivation, smuggling and trade.